The theory of Cultural Reproduction is a conservative Marxist theory that was first articulated by sociologists Bowles and Gintis in their ground-breaking Schooling in Capitalist America. Their theory is also sometimes called the Correspondence theory of education, because they suggested that the education system is designed to turn out graduates in exactly the right number and with the right skills to fill the corresponding jobs in society. They also maintained that the State and Civil Society, together with the capitalist class orchestrated the means of cultural production to ensure the reproduction in society at large of cultural values that accord with their own and that consequently reproduce the classed society as it already exists. In contrast to theories of social production, theories of social reproduction take an essentially pessimistic view of the potential for social transformation. They tend to relegate culture back into its subordinate role in the Base-Superstructure model, suggesting that social change is not possible without violent revolution. For a critique of cultural reproduction theories see the works of Henry Giroux , particularly:  Giroux, H. A., Theory and Resistance in Education, Bergin and Garvey, 1983. See also the writings of Pierre Bourdieu : Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. C., Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage, London, 1976.