The process by which culture is produced and transformed. These means include all of the apparatuses of the State and/or Civil Society – Education, the Media, the Church, Sport etc – in a word any medium which possesses the capacity to create a sense of nationhood or patriotism. The Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci , known best for his theories on Hegemony was amongst the first to realise that the production of culture was a major factor in the process of social transformation. Until recently culture (as noted above) was considered a product of the elites in society. Since Gramsci, others, notably Willis, Bourdieu , Hall , Freire etc. have suggested instead that the production of culture is an activity that everyone does. It is a fundamental human activity, and that as such it can act as a mechanism for radical social transformation.  Cultural production theorists like Freire maintain that once the oppressed realise that they too create culture, this realisation transcends feelings of inadequacy and passivity and can release the capacity for broad social transformation.