As noted above, Culture has had a very classed meaning in the Western world, and it is only recently that the monological view of culture has been replaced by an awareness that all human attitudes, beliefs and behaviours are cultural. This has led to the notion of culture as a multiplicity. We now no longer speak of culture in the singular and as the province of an elite. We speak instead of cultures both elite and common. The American sociologist was the first person to coin the term “Popular Culture”, taken to mean the culture of the non-elite, the ordinary working population. See: Gans. H. J.,     Popular Culture and High Culture, - An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste, Basic Books, New York, 1974. Since Gans wrote his book much has been discovered about Culture as an instrument of social process. We now speak of Culture as a site of  struggle for hegemony between competing cultures. Much of this work has come out of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham University. See also: Willis, P., Profane Culture, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Boston and London, 1978, and; Willis, P.,Common Culture, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1990.